Viability Report: LAP and Irgacure with GelMA

This study tested the effects of various steps in the polymerization process on cell viability with photoinitiators Irgacure and LAP are mixed with GelMA.

Introduction

Photopolymerization is a common process used for the solidification of materials in a variety of applications including dentistry, electronics, printing, optics and tissue engineering (2). This process, which allows for the fabrication of cell-laden hydrogels from aqueous precursors, offers advantages such as spatial and temporal control, fast curing rates at physiological conditions and minimal heat production (2).

Photoinitiators are often used in bioprinting as part of the gelation process to solidify bioinks, but research has suggested that this crosslinking process may affect viability (1). This study tested the effects of various steps in the polymerization process on cell viability with photoinitiators Irgacure and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate, also known as LAP.  While exposure to free radicals or Irgacure demonstrated a decrease in viability, light exposure and exposure to LAP alone do not affect viability. When used with GelMA, the radical polymerization process does not affect viability with either photoinitiator.

Various parts of the polymerization process, such as exposure to potentially harmful wavelengths, free radicals or photoinitiators themselves, can harm cells and affect viability (3). This study tests cell exposure to light, photoinitiators Irgacure and BioKey, free radicals created by these initiators and ultimately the entire radical polymerization process for the polymerization of BioGel.

See Also

• Bioprinted Alginate Viability
• Bioprinted Collagen Viability
• Bioprinted GelMA and LAP Viability
• Bioprinted PEGDA Viability
• PLGA Viability Report

Results

Light Exposure

Cells cultured in 96 well plates were exposed to either 365 nm (LED ENGIN) or 405 nm (LED ENGIN) light at an intensity of 10 mW/cm² for 2 min, then compared to a control of no light exposure. ATP data (Figure 1) indicates viability improves from Day 1 to Day 7 for all groups, with no statistical difference among groups at each timepoint.

Photoinitiator Exposure

First, 0.5% (w/v) solution of LAP and 0.5% (w/v) solution Irgacure were dissolved in cell culture media under stirring and heat (65˚C). Then, cells cultured in 96 well plates with LAP or Irgacure were exposed to 405 nm light at an intensity of 10 mW/cm² for 2 min, then compared to controls of cells cultured with photoinitiators not exposed to light. Brightfield images taken of each group indicate altering cell morphology of cells cultured with Irgacure or those exposed to light with either LAP or Irgacure (Figure 2). Cells with no initiator and cells with LAP that had no light exposure demonstrated similar cell morphology to 2D control. ATP data demonstrates no statistical difference between cells exposed to LAP without light than cells without any photoinitiator. Groups with a photoinitiator exposed to blue light or Irgacure with no light had statistically lower ATP activity at each time point than controls (Figure 3).

Radical Polymerization Process Viability

Thin Films of 10% (w/v) GelMA were created with either 0.5% (w/v) LAP or Irgacure, respectively. After polymerization through exposure to 405 nm or 365 nm wavelengths, cells were seeded onto each thin film. No statistical difference was found in ATP activity among either of these groups and a 2D control on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) at days 1 and 3. At day 7, both cells seeded onto GelMA and LAPand cells seeded onto GelMA and Irgacure demonstrated higher ATP activity than a 2D control.

Conclusion

Free radical polymerization is a popular process for cell encapsulation and 3D cell culture. Various parts of this process are potentially toxic to cells, including exposure to certain wavelengths, free radicals, and photoinitiators themselves. This study tested various parts of this polymerization process in relation to photocrosslinking of GelMA. Exposure to 365 nm and 405 nm wavelengths for times needed to polymerize this biomaterial do not affect cell viability.

When exposed to an activated photoinitator, cell viability decreased for both Irgacure and LAP. Without a monomer to react, activation of photoinitiators releases free radicals that are never terminated, leaving cells exposed to these particles for an extended time period. As expected, this exposure caused a decrease in cell viability, as evident through brightfield imaging and ATP activity. However, when used in combination with a photocrosslinkable material such as LAP, cell viability is not affected, as demonstrated through ATP activity.

Exposure to unactivated Irgacure also appears to affect viability, as cells exposed to this initiator with no light demonstrated lower ATP activity than 2D controls. Exposure to unactivated LAP did not affect viability, demonstrating that this photoinitator may be a better alternative to Irgacure when photocrosslinking cell-laden materials.

This study demonstrated that the process of photopolymerization can create viable 3D cellular structures. While both Irgacure and LAP, when combined with GelMA, produced hydrogels able to support viable cell populations, exposure to Irgacure decreased cell viability even without the activation of free radicals, suggesting that LAP may be a better alternative for the fabrication of photocrosslinked cell-laden hydrogels.

Methods

Cell Culture

Primary Human Neonatal Dermal Fibroblasts (HNDFs) obtained from ATCC were cultured in monolayer cultures at 37 °C and 5% of CO2 using Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (Corning) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin-amphotericin (Corning). Passage numbers under 12 were used.

Thin Film Fabrication and Cell Seeding

To create thin films, glass coverslips were first treated as suggested in the protocol provided by Allevi. Then, 0.5% (w/v) solution of LAP and 0.5% (w/v) solution Irgacure were dissolved in cell culture media under stirring and heat (65˚C). Next GelMA, was mixed at 10% (w/v) in each solution.  After the mixture was completely dissolved and homogenous, it was sterile filtered (0.22 μm) (Millipore).

Once solutions were filtered, each was heated to 37°C and pipetted onto Teflon sheets (McMaster) at 15 μl. Then treated glass was placed on top of the droplets and pressed down to evenly spread the material. Next, the solution was exposed to either blue light (405 nm) (LED ENGIN) for LAP films or 365 nm (LED ENGIN) light for Irgacure samples.  The thin films, stuck on the glass, were then removed from Teflon sheets and placed into 24 well plates. (Corning)

HNDFs were suspended at a concentration of 250,000 cells mL-1 and pipetted into the wells containing the GelMA thin films. Enough cell solution was used to submerge the samples. After overnight incubation, media was exchanged.

Sample Analyses

To assess cell viability, CellTiter-Glo 3D ATP Assay (Promega) was performed according to manufacturer’s protocol and analyzed using a BioTek Synergy 2 Plate Reader.

Statistical analysis was performed using an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test to determine if differences were present amongst treatment groups. If differences were determined from the ANOVA, a post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used to determine statistical differences between groups tested. A confidence level of 95% (α=0.05) was used for all analyses. Error bars on graphs represent the standard deviation from the mean.

References

[1] B. D. Fairbanks et. al, “Photoinitiated Polymerization of PEG-diacrylate with lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate: polymerization rate and cytocompatibility,” Biomaterials, vol. 30, no. 35, pp. 6702-6707, Dec 2009.

[2] Nguyen, Kytai T. et al Photopolymerizable Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering  Applications. Biomaterials 23 (2002). pp 4307-4314.

[3] Williams, Christopher G. Variable Cytocompatibility of Six Cell Lines with Photoinitiators Used for Polymerizing Hydrogels and Cell Encapsulation. Biomaterials 26 (2005) pp 1211 – 1218.

[4] J. K. e. a. Carrow, “Polymers for Bioprinting,” in Essentials of 3D Biofabrication and Translation, Elsevier Inc, January 2015, pp. 229-248.

[5] Nguyen, Kytai T. et al Photopolymerizable Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering  Applications. Biomaterials 23 (2002). pp 4307-4314.

[6] B. T. et al., “The 3D Printing of Gelatin Methacrylamide Cell-laden Tissue-engineered Constructs with High Cell Viability.,” Biomaterials, vol. 35, pp. 49-62, 2014.